Bathroom code does address the issue of moving odor- and moisture-laden air from the bathroom to the outside. Surprisingly, bathroom fans are not required by some building codes. All municipalities have different requirements, but some do not draw a hard line on requiring exhaust fans. In those areas, ventilation in bathrooms is required, but it can be from a window or fan, your choice. Section R303 of the International Residential Code discusses light and ventilation regulations in general. Section R303 works in conjunction with all of International Residential Code Section M1507, which covers Mechanical Ventilation.
Bathroom Exhaust Fan Venting Code Summary
Section R303.3: Bathrooms Must Have Windows
When this section is adopted by a community, it essentially says that, for venting purposes, bathrooms must have windows that open. The code reads that the window must have “aggregate glazing area…of not less than 3 square feet (0.3 m2), one-half of which must be openable.” Summarized, if you install a window in the bathroom, it must be at least 3 square feet in area. This window only needs to be able to open halfway. This means that the total open window space would be 1 1/2 square feet. Windows that open can provide highly effective ventilation in bathrooms that have no shower or tub. With no bathing facilities, far less moist air is produced. While powder rooms can benefit from exhaust fans, they can usually operate just as well with a window that opens.
Section R303.4: Bathrooms Require Exhaust Venting Fans
In some communities, this section may be in lieu of Section R303.3 or in addition to it. If Section R303.4 is included but the previous section has been struck-through or not included, this may mean that your bathroom must have a bathroom fan and that a window cannot be used as a substitute venting method. Be sure to clarify this with your local permitting department.
Section M1507.2: Exhausted Air Terminal Point
This section notes that air exhausted from the bathroom must be sent outdoors, not indoors to the same residence or indoors to any other dwelling unit. It cannot move air to a crawlspace or attic. While this may seem obvious, homeowners may, out of convenience, direct the vent into either of these locations. While this is not smart, it is understandable: attics and crawlspaces are often the shortest possible route for the vent. Routing vertically out of the roof or routing through the upper part of the wall (to the exterior) are time-consuming, invasive projects. The end of the vent run should also have a grille or screen to prevent vermin from entering your home.
Section M1507.4: Exhaust Capacity
This section discusses the minimum exhaust capacity of the exhaust fan: 50 cubic feet per minute (cfm) intermittent or 20 cfm continuous.
Exhaust Fan Sound (Sones) Ratings
While not required by the building code, purchasing a low-sone exhaust fan can add to the comfort level of your bathroom time by keeping the noise level down.
<0.3 sones: Quietest possible bathroom exhaust fan. From a distance, you will not hear the fan. Up close, you may be able to hear it.0.3 to 0.9 sones: Bathroom fans in this range can be heard from a distance, but only if you are listening for them.1.0 sones: Exhaust fans in the 1-sone range sound like a refrigerator.3.0 sones: The maximum sound level of bathroom fans. This is roughly the equivalent of a clothes dryer from a distance.
Why Your Bathroom Should Have an Exhaust Vent Fan
Bathroom venting fans are about more than just eliminating noxious odors. Bad odors are annoying but are hardly life-threatening, and they do not impact the integrity of the building structure at all. Bath exhaust fans are about keeping your house in top shape by moving water out of your bathroom. Water is everywhere in a bathroom: splashing on the floor, beading up on the walls, dripping down the mirror. And there is one other invisible place where you will find water in the bathroom: in the air. Venting fans pull moisture-laden air out of that small space, slowing or altogether preventing it from condensing on walls, on the ceiling, or worst of all, inside the ceiling itself. It can be an ugly sight to crawl above a poorly ventilated bathroom’s ceiling. You might find mounds of black-moldy blown-in insulation, as well as joists and rafters weakened from years of moisture abuse. When moisture spreads in a home, one thing quickly leads to another. When these cellulose-hungry insects begin feeding on your home’s wood framework, you need to act quickly. Costs spiral from there as you put the home under a pest control contract and undergo extensive remodeling work to shore up weakened studs. When the fan is located directly above a shower or bathtub, it needs to be connected to a GFCI-protected circuit. This can either be in the form of a GFCI outlet or upstream, in-line GFCI protection. Because windows provide light as well as ventilation, if you go the fan-only route you need to install artificial lighting. This should already be a given, as electrical code requires that habitable rooms be supplied with a switch-controlled light.
